The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. 1969. KEN MORIYASU, Nikkei Asia chief desk editor June 30, 2021 03:53 JST. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. (1999). Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Fig. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. The continent is almost centered over the equator stretching from the consistently warm waters of the Mediterranean in the north right down to the frigid South Atlantic in the south. While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. XXXIV 1999, pp. By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. [49], After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. Workers pulling onions by the Mbarali River, Tanzania. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. 1250 24th Street, N.W. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. For example, we work with farmers to adopt drought resistant crops and conserve natural resources in the face of water shortages. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations", "Climate risk report for the East Africa region - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb", "7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa", "World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations", "IFs Forecast Version 7.00 Google Public Data Explorer", Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey, "Economic Recovery and the Role of the State", "Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time", "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", List of countries where Arabic is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&oldid=1142278246, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:36. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. But also because there are so many different tourist coasts along its length. The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. Coastal storms bring stronger winds creating greater wave damage along shorelines. 01 of 12 Mnemba Island, Tanzania TripSavvy / Christopher Larson Address andBeyond Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania Phone +27 11 809 4300 Web Visit website Located off the north coast of Tanzania, Mnemba is a private Indian Ocean island and part of the historic Zanzibar Archipelago. Popular Destinations Tanzania 82 Likes, 0 Comments - skhathisomusa dumani mthembu (@skhathisomusa) on Instagram: "African East coast | tropics #eastafrica #mombasa #coast #ocean #tropicalparadise #beach #film" Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa. . Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. No settlements from this period have been found. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. 293,654,000. The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations, The chieftainships of the southern savanna, https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Madagascar is by far the biggest, and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife. Around 1,200 miles from the east coast of Africa, Mauritius is best known for its beautiful beaches, lagoons, reefs, and rainforests. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Women gathering sand oysters in Mozambique. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum as of 2011[update]. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. There is little information concerning the period until the 8th century. Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. 110. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. With maximum velocities of around 8.5 km/h, it is one of the fastest and strongest flowing currents in the world. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. Born out of wedlock . WWF strives to develop practical solutions to address the conflict that frequently occurs between people and wildlife. Indo-European languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. . [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. Birth of undersea volcano off the east coast of Africa recorded in great detail. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. For discussion of the physical and human geography of individual countries in the region and of their late colonial and postcolonial history, see Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? Twin parallel rift valleys that are part of the East African Rift System run through the region. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. 352-55), which traded East African products to India, the Far East, and the West. Copy. Ranger in Udzungwe National Park, Tanzania. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. Best Answer. Oxford: University Press. Stay safe. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. But there is: underwater. The Southern African coast line is 5500 km long and extends from Angola (Cunene River mouth)in the west to the Zambezi delta in the east, the border of Tanzania. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. 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