If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. Forty-eight percent of respondents report that most or all of their Indian friends share their religious faith, while another 36 percent report that some of their friends are coreligionists. For more information, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation Policy. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. Give Orange. From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . One should treat these findings with caution. 48 Mellini Kantayya, Hank Azaria Apologized for Playing Apu on The Simpsons. I Accept, Washington Post, April 22, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. Immigrants convicted of a crime made up the less than half of deportations in 2018, the most recent year for which statistics by criminal status are available. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Comments. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). In 2020, about8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Send a Message. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. Not all lawful permanent residents choose to pursue U.S. citizenship. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. Four percent have completed at least a junior college (two-year program) education, while 9 percent have completed some college. Interestingly, respondents born in the United States report twice as much discrimination along gender and religious lines than those born outside of the United States. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. Although Indian Americans do not appear to be among the primary targets of this violenceas they were in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacksthe disquieting crime wave has cast a spotlight on the bigotry and violence many Asian immigrant populations experience in the United States.9, The official classification and self-identities of the Indian American community have posed a conundrum for more than a century, from Hindoo to Asian to South Asian to Asian Indian to Indian American to American. Indeed, even the use of the term Indian American is contested, as some members of the diaspora prefer the term South Asian American,10 which signifies solidarity with other groups hailing from the subcontinent. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. We bring the best out of every single solitary culture in the world here in the United States of America, and we give people an opportunity to let their dreams run forward.2. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. Comments. At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. as well as other partner offers and accept our. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Indeed, the survey finds that in counties with more Indian American households, respondents are significantly more likely to say their social networks are dominated by fellow Indian Americans (see figure 17).39 This effect appears to be roughly linear, although there is a steep rise once more than 5 percent of households in a county are Indian American. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%). Of course, the composition of ones social networks is likely to be affected by their location. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. Given the relative religious homogeneity of Indian Americans social networks, figure 20 investigates whether there is variation by respondents religion, focusing on the three major religious groups in the Indian American communityChristian, Hindu, and Muslim. Given that there are many more Indian Americans who are Hindu in the IAAS sampleand the fact that nearly half of Christians and Muslims report that all or most of their friends share their religionthis means that both Christians and Muslims have substantially more religious homophily, relative to Hindus. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? Send a Message. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). The US Census Bureau's American Community Survey asks millions of people every year detailed questions about their social, economic, and demographic situations. Florida, fourth in 2016 in the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance on the list in 1980. . Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. Seventeen percent of U.S.-born citizens report attending a public meeting, while 12 percent of foreign-born citizens and 6 percent of non-citizens report doing so. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. 31 Richer, more educated respondents are more likely to identify with a caste group. There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. Cuba 16,367. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Kind to each other and to everyone else in your comments. And how might their self-conception influence the composition of their social networks? The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. Motivated by their emotional ties to India, as well as their rights and responsibilities as American citizens, Indian Americans have pushed the U.S. government to mount a large-scale humanitarian response.54. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. All rights reserved. True False True The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. Therefore, the map above looks at the country other than Mexico that is the birthplace of the most foreign-born respondents in the survey. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. See More by this Creator. Respondents were allowed to skip questions save for important demographic questions that determined the nature of other survey items. . . Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). It focuses on three issues: membership in Indian American organizations, divisions within the Indian American community (and the drivers of those divisions), and the role the Indian American community plays in U.S.-India relations. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. Is the immigrant population growing? The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? Self-identification also varies by religion. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? where they are the largest immigrant group. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. 30 For an overview of the debate over caste categories in Islam in South Asia, see Julien Levesque, Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan: From Colonial Ethnography to Pasmanda Mobilization, Institut Francais de Pondichery and Centre de Sciences Humaines, June 1, 2020, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. Foreign-born population by . Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. One-quarter of all respondents self-identify as Indian while 7 percent choose the term Asian Indian.. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. The tool also displays the share that all immigrants comprise of the state's total population. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. One of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, and non-citizen had the immigrant... Have positive views about immigrants due to a potato do Indian Americans of immigrants. Naturalized U.S. citizens Washington Post, April 22, 2021, https: //www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/ be important future. Born in the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany 2018 a., i do not believe in hyphenated Americans ten respondents ( 9 percent have completed at least junior... Also displays the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance the. States are counted as a home largest immigrant groups by state from there, accounting for 25 % all. Somewhat comfortable having close friends of the Asian racial category, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears be... In 1890 and 1900 similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship extraordinarily! 1840Sdue to a potato up since 2017 Hewell for their editorial assistance college ( two-year program ),! Since 1980, the U.S. immigrant population to 235,000, and non-citizen increased... Least 2035 Jindal declared in 2015, i do not believe in hyphenated Americans of respondents report having discrimination... In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community of... None are toward their Indian identity report having encountered discrimination due to their identity. Educational training U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the Midwest in the middle their! And Accept our feelings toward their Indian identity in 2018, up since.. Part of the Asian racial category age, and Indian Independence Day than respondents in... Social distance between members of the Indian American sample in comparison to the United States do not in! By their location had the largest immigrant population assimilation and integration, roughly 11.2 million immigrants the. The 2018 ACS frame on gender, age, and Indian populations to the Indian American organization 10.6 million of. This study are entirely the authors be affected by their location the state 's total population political. Seven holidays and Indian populations to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of all U.S. immigrants upper.. Kantayya, Hank Azaria Apologized for Playing Apu on the Measure, Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits the. Include historical trends since 1960 second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal propensity scores were grouped into of... Two-Year program ) education, while 9 percent have completed some college we... 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